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Dyke Swarms of the World: A Modern Perspective pp 155–214Cite as

The Precambrian Mafic Magmatic Record, Including Large Igneous Provinces of the Kalahari Craton and Its Constituents: A Paleogeographic Review

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Abstract

The study of Precambrian dyke swarms, sill provinces and large igneous provinces on the Kalahari craton in southern Africa has expanded greatly since the pioneering work initiated almost four decades ago. The main contributors to this progress have been a large number of precise U–Pb crystallization ages of mafic rocks, published in a number of recent papers. This information is compiled here into a series of maps that provide a nearly 3 billion year intraplate magmatic record of the Kalahari craton and its earlier constituents, the proto-Kalahari, Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons. We also review their possible paleogeographic relations to other cratons or supercontinents. This review provides a more accessible overview of individual magmatic events, and mostly includes precise U–Pb ages of mafic dykes and sills, some of which can be linked to stratigraphically well-constrained volcanic rocks. The extrusion ages of these volcanic units are also starting to be refined by, among others, in situ dating of baddeleyite. Some mafic dyke swarms, previously characterized entirely on similarity in dyke trends within a swarm, are found to be temporally composite and sometimes consist of up to three different generations. Other mafic dyke swarms, with different trends, can now be linked to protracted volcanic events like the stratigraphically well preserved Mesoarchean Nsuze Group (Pongola Supergroup) and Neoarchean Ventersdorp Supergroup. Following upon these Archean events, shorter-lived Proterozoic large igneous provinces also intrude the Transvaal Supergroup, Olifantshoek Supergroup and Umkondo Group, and include the world’s largest layered intrusion, the Bushveld Complex. Longer-lived late Paleoproterozoic magmatic events are also preserved as mafic intrusions and lava units within the Waterberg and Soutpansberg groups as well as the granitic basement. Many gaps in our knowledge of the Precambrian mafic record of the Kalahari craton remain, but further multi-disciplinary studies combining the latest advances in U–Pb geochronology and both paleomagnetism and geochemistry will help solve the Precambrian paleogeographic puzzle.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Richard Hanson and Wlady Altermann for their detailed and constructive reviews. MOdK acknowledge support from the South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation (DST-NRF) Centre of Excellence for Integrated Mineral and Energy Resource Analysis (CIMERA). Additional support from the South Africa National Research Foundation through their incentive funding is acknowledged by MOdk and MBK. APG and US wish to thank both the Swedish Research Council and the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund for financial assistance. Much of the geochronology presented was funded by the Industry-Academia-Government Consortium Project “Reconstruction of Supercontinents Back to 2.7 Ga Using the Large Igneous Province (LIP) Record, with Implications for Mineral Deposit Targeting, Hydrocarbon Resource Exploration, and Earth System Evolution” (www.supercontinent.org). Here we would specifically like to thank Richard Ernst for his leading role. Many of the ages are the products of MSc and PhD projects, and we acknowledge the numerous students for their contributions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa

    M. O. de Kock & C. Djeutchou

  2. Department of Geology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden

    A. P. Gumsley & U. Söderlund

  3. Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-452, Warsaw, Poland

    A. P. Gumsley

  4. Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa

    M. B. Klausen

  5. Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden

    U. Söderlund

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  1. M. O. de Kock
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  4. U. Söderlund
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  5. C. Djeutchou
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Correspondence to M. O. de Kock .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

    Rajesh K. Srivastava

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Richard E. Ernst

  3. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Peng Peng

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de Kock, M.O., Gumsley, A.P., Klausen, M.B., Söderlund, U., Djeutchou, C. (2019). The Precambrian Mafic Magmatic Record, Including Large Igneous Provinces of the Kalahari Craton and Its Constituents: A Paleogeographic Review. In: Srivastava, R., Ernst, R., Peng, P. (eds) Dyke Swarms of the World: A Modern Perspective. Springer Geology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1666-1_5

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