Towards a trans-disciplinary conceptualization of inclusive development
Introduction
This concluding synthesis paper to our Special Issue on Inclusive Development: A Multi-Disciplinary Issue builds on the other articles in this issue and investigates into the parallel conceptions of inclusive development (ID) [1•], mentioned in the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its 17 Goals (SDGs) [2, 3], in different disciplines and thematic areas. ID has social, ecological and relational components [4, 5, 6] assessing access to and allocation of rights, responsibilities and risks with respect to social (services and infrastructures) and ecological (biodiversity and the ecosystem services (ESS) of nature) resources [7]. This paper first reviews what the different articles say about development, followed by how they treat social, ecological and relational inclusiveness.
Section snippets
Is ‘development’ problematic?
Development and the right to development is often equated with ‘growth/GDP’ as some see growth as essential for inclusiveness [8]. Many in the Global South (and North) would object if the possibility of growth were denied to them [9, 10]. This leads many Southern countries and scholars to adopt inclusive growth [10], green economy (e.g. China) or neo-extractivism (e.g. in Latin America) [9]. Inclusive growth variants [11, 12•, 13, 14] focus on proactive ex-ante efforts at quick, broad-based and
Social inclusiveness
ID implies social inclusiveness (SI) which goes, first, beyond the pro-poor literature [28] to enhance human wellbeing according to people’s own priorities [1•] and empowers people with a rights-based approach. The legal literature [29] argues that universal and inalienable human rights are either integral to, a prerequisite of, or the end result of development. Since mal-development often manifests in marginalization, poverty and inequality along the production to consumption chain, human
The case for ecological inclusiveness
ID also encompasses ecological inclusiveness (EI) [5], which includes, first, the maintenance of biodiversity and ESS by reducing resource extraction and pollution [53] in the Anthropocene [54]. Sociologists critique the Anthropocene as a non-contextual, faceless, depoliticized concept based on averages and trends and a vocabulary like ‘humanity’ and ‘global responsibility’ which although seemingly inclusive, glosses over who has rights and responsibilities and who bears the risks of global
Trade-offs and relational inclusiveness
Relational inclusiveness (RI) questions the underlying structural power politics that influence problem solving. RI calls for, first, revisiting the content of development through discursive politics, as discussed above.
Second, the space for discursive politics comes from state institutions which allow for the rule of law and the constitutional protections of citizens. The fact that some states are ‘failed’/or ‘problematic’ states or ‘states in the making’ [71] that use ‘pre-emptive
Conclusion
Table 1 presents the theories and approaches from different disciplines that inclusive development can build on.
What becomes apparent is that many of these approaches have been designed within the growth paradigm (e.g. inclusive finance/business/insurance/innovation; green economy; ecological modernization). This makes the cautionary advice of the critical social science scholars that ID should pre-empt attempts to think within the Big-D and growth paradigms all the more relevant. This requires
References and recommended reading
Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as:
• of special interest
Acknowledgements
This research is part of the work of the European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI) Working Group on Inclusive Development, however the views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of this group.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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